Spillover Benefits Versus the Free-rider Problem Essay

Spillover Benefits Versus the Free-rider Problem - Essay Example The government should make such legislations in order to avoid this problem as these may eventually lead to the destruction of economical infrastructure. Spillover benefits versus the Free Rider problem Societies, people, environments go through many negative & positive situations due to different circumstances that occur. By positive effects it means the benefits & advantages enjoyed by them when come along the way, & by negative effects it means the harmful & dangerous effects which are imposed over them. These positive & negative effects are directly related in some cases, but it may have an indirect effect on other people or surroundings due to someone else. Such external or indirect effects are termed as externalities or spillover effects. Spillover is defined here to mean – â€Å"indirect or unexpected benefits to other users from the up-take of research, including consumer surpluses generated through competition and diffusion of knowledge through development of technic al skills. These benefits can also arise from the creation of new knowledge platforms that substantially modify processes, products or services†. (Spillover benefits from TBGs. ... The chemical that is released from the factory directly affects those people who are not affiliated with the factory. Hence they have to pay a price or cost of being the residents of that area although they have no concern or advantages from the factory. Such effects are termed as negative spillover effects or spillover costs. On the other hand, when someone enjoys particular benefits from such a thing or process through which he/she is not directly related with, it is termed as positive spillover effects or spillover benefits. There can be many examples set in this regard; the trade agreements between any two countries or organizations directly affect the persons who are involved in import-export business, although there has been no force from their side to make such an agreement. Hence they enjoy the benefits by spending nothing from themselves. Other examples may include education, which train youngsters how to be a good & beneficial citizen of the society, hence the more children get educated in these terms, the more society would benefit as the crime rate will reduce and there would be enough peace in the country. Through proper education, more skilled workers will enter into the market which will thus make good quality products & provide better services to their employers. These spillover benefits, when exceed through a certain limits, are also termed as the â€Å"free rider problem†, derived from the concept of someone riding in a public transport without paying its fare. Hence all such people who enjoy the spillover benefits are called free riders. The free rider problem is of great concern all over the world, since there are a huge number of people who consume such resources

POWER AUTHORITY AND INFLUENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

POWER AUTHORITY AND INFLUENCE - Essay Example This paper describes my own personal methods or ways through which I gain power in the workplace. Power is the aptitude to control people. Authority is the privilege to influence, control, and transform other people. To elucidate how I gain power and influence in the work place, it is important to describe French and Raven model of power and influence. These two individuals postulated an all inclusive form of collective and shared authority. In doing so, they proposed and recommended various categories of authority. These categories include intimidation, incentive, valid, specialist, referent, as well as informational. People in positions of leadership can achieve power and influence through corporeal and oral intimidations. Power through intimidation can either be applied to a single entity or a group of people (Houser, Anna & Domokos-Cheng, 2004). There are instances I have used intimidation to manipulate and control some of my juniors in the workplace. Those in positions of leader ship will bear me witness that some intimidating actions applied to some employees are not planned. There are those employees who will take any chance and misconstrue everything to make you look bad to your bosses. Since I am human and human beings often make mistakes, I do not tolerate any of my juniors reporting me to my immediate boss as this would affect my chances of ever getting a promotion or a pay rise. I deal with these individuals appropriately and warn them of dire consequences if they ever report me to my boss. According to French and Raven theory, achieving power and influence through incentives is practiced in many organizations all over the world. Individuals who are involved in making decisions regarding incentives have all the power and influence in the workplace. Valid power and influence is achieved on the basis of how the individual in management position is expected to behave by the public. In referent power, people are known to respect and recognize the authori ty of individuals that they are capable of forming relationships or associations with. Informational power depends on the status of an individual as some individuals are considered to be more knowledgeable than others (Houser, Anna & Domokos-Cheng, 2004). I can relate to French and Raven model in the ways or manners in which I gain power and influence in my workplace. Individuals in management as illustrated by the French and Raven model are expected by the society to act or behave in certain ways. Trust is a virtue. I have learnt the importance of building trust in the workplace. For an individual to be powerful and influential, both his/her workmates and bosses as well must have faith and conviction towards him/her. Through allowing my juniors to plan their duties to fit their personal needs and requirements as long as it is within the organizational objectives and guidelines has enable them to trust and respect me. I have also ensured that I always achieve my projected goals and objectives in whatever I do. Through this, I have gained influence and power within the workplace as I am considered one of the best performers. Furthermore, I involve myself in doing research on the past, current, and future operations of my organization. Doing so has been of significance as I have been able to identify areas of weaknesses within the organization and subsequently identified novel avenues through which I can mitigate or alleviate hurdles in organizational performance.